The Concept of Immateriality-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Clarify, with Suitable models from your Workplace, what is implied by an Immateriality thing as for Accounting. References ought to be made to the significant bookkeeping Concepts and Standards. Answer: Superfluity bookkeeping alludes to the use of the idea of materiality. The data of superfluity doesnt extensively sway clients choices, similar to proprietors and administrative specialists. Bookkeepers are required to utilize master judgment to finish up either the sum is insignificant or not. There is a need of characterizing materiality level for the money related records (Edgley, 2014). In this manner, when a total of incorrectness is held in the complete degree of materiality than in prompts misdirecting of monetary records. While deciding superfluity, it is imperative to make thought of the way and size of the particular thing. By considering the way or nature alludes that if a limited quantity exchange is occurring anomalous it tends to be material, however on the off chance that it is a day by day exchange it very well may be unimportant. For instance, at my work environment immense measure of papers are utilized in banking exchange anyway its expense is irrelevant for busine ss as it is utilized every day in any event, for ostensible work. The idea of superfluity likewise influences bookkeeping arrangements as all bookkeeping exchange can't have same impact regardless of the way that they have a place with same nature of advantages. Corresponding to banking business the two PCs and adding machines are viewed as a benefit and have a helpful existence of over one year yet PCs are recorded as fixed resource and number cruncher is taken care of the expense of writing material which is recorded as a cost because of the idea of superfluity. It is all a result of the expense related with the benefits (Hu, 2013). Recording mini-computers as a cost won't influence fiscal summaries as it has ostensible expenses for banks Furthermore recording deterioration on adding machines is definitely not a rational viewpoint in banks as it will superfluously make bookkeeping process length and immaterial. This idea explained the way that overriding of coordinating idea won't significantly affect the budget reports for the financial organiza tion. As far as bookkeeping, proficient judgment is required to decide if the bookkeeping exchange or occasion is material or unimportant. It is on the grounds that when $5,000 is evaluated as the insignificant sum for a global organization however for the little bank, it very well may be considered as a material sum. Thought of materiality isn't finished by things money related sum; it is finished by the things nature. A few components comprehensive of either the thing is occupied with unlawful exchanges, must be evaluated while confirming materiality (Cameron, 2014). For instance, a sum like $.50 or $.30 is insignificant separately, however same is material for the bank as in total it becomes material sum since banks have a huge number of such exchanges every day. Because of this extortion like moving moment sum, a few times to a solitary record is material misrepresentation. Bank needs to manage different associations as it is open body in this manner they are required to offer their types of assistance in like manner. These exchanges make different resources and liabilities however not all considered to the material. At my working environment, judgment of superfluity depends on the percent of income. On the off chance that an exchange is inside the constraint of 3% of absolute income or resource, at that point same is viewed as insignificant, and controls or other related viewpoints are disregarded on the off chance that it happens once in a while. Take a case of a discernibly unimportant thing; there is a $100 paid ahead of time of lease on a mail station box for a half year; as per the coordinating standard, charging the lease as a cost on a half year is required (Acito, Burks, Johnson, 2016). Notwithstanding, as the exchange sum is moment to such an extent that the budget summaries peruser won't be misled if the whole sum is charged as a cost to the specific time frame as opposed to dissipating the equivalent over the use time frame. In purpose of time, when the figures of fiscal summaries are adjusted to the closest thousand or million dollars, at that point this bookkeeping exchange won't make any modification the budget summaries whatsoever. The idea of superfluity is critical for banking element as it helps administrative experts on concentrating on essential variables which can influence the choice of objective partners. For this viewpoint, it is significant for chiefs, to organize the key perspectives they required to center (Kovcs, 2015). This methodology likewise aids better arranging and assignment of assets so as to accomplish the goal of ideal usage. Alongside this, fiscal reports of business become increasingly suitable as it is set up by thinking about the noteworthiness of the everyday exchanges. Present investigation explains the way that superfluity is emotional idea as per which organization measure and revelation exchange which are adequately material and can influence the enthusiasm of partners. References Acito, A., Burks, J. J., Johnson, W. B. (2016). The materiality of bookkeeping blunders: proof from SEC remark letters and suggestions for inquire about intermediaries. Cameron, R. (2014). Applying the Materiality Concept: The Case of Abnormal Items.CORPORATE OWNERSHIP CONTROL, 428. Edgley, C. (2014). A family history of bookkeeping materiality.Critical Perspectives on Accounting,25(3), 255-271. Hu, M. (2013,). Contemplating over the Problems of Immaterial Assets. In2013 Conference on Education Technology and Management Science (ICETMS 2013). Atlantis Press. Kovcs, Z. I. (2015). Irrelevant Assets in the Hungarian Accounting System and Financial Statements.Public Finance Quarterly,2, 227.

Things that Move Lift as a Mechanism that Moves Without Help

Insignificant development of lifeless things is dependent upon specific instruments and standards. In any case, the standards of development of different articles should be dissected to characterize the reasons and starting beginnings of these developments, including the controlling systems and the different implications they have for people1.Advertising We will compose a custom exposition test on Things that Move: Lift as a Mechanism that Moves Without Help explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More In this regard, it is conceivable to consider a car as an item that moves as per certain standards in spite of the way that it is constrained by a human. Up until now, care is considered as a methods for transportation where further advancement of various models has been characterized as an individualized portrayal. The appointed character makes vehicle development much progressively important. Along these lines, it tends to be conceded that the vehicle is a cover that a huma n bears to demonstrate its good picture. The speed, in this way, is the fundamental indication of the nature of the component, just as the open door that a human can appreciate. A vehicle can be contrasted and dolls that are constrained by a predominant psyche, as it spoke to in Von Kleist’s account on the Puppeter and his puppets2. Indeed, the individual who controls lifeless things is additionally ready to offer life to them and make them move in various directions3. So also, individuals control vehicles that can ride gradually or with rapid. A few vehicles can lose control, which demonstrates humans’ powerlessness to control their developments. The wheels of the vehicle are ordered by methods for pushing the foot-choke. The motor can be related to the core of the component that impacts the remainder of robotized capacities. Along with in general appearance, it is regularly contrasted and an exceptional ‘attitude’ and ‘behavior’ that a car c an uncover. In most of cases, vehicle can have different implications, contingent upon the individual controlling this instrument. By taking a gander at the vehicle, it is conceivable to discover similitudes between the vehicle and its proprietor. During development, one can likewise discover the association between its ‘psychological’ characteristics and the owner’s disposition to the encompassing world.Advertising Looking for exposition on transportation? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Similar ideas are talked about in Rudlin’s early on article, asserting, â€Å"’Mask’ alludes to character type and is comprehensive of every individual mask†4. Subsequently, vehicle picture can likewise be comprehensive in the picture of its proprietor who has certain preferences and inclinations while driving. The imagery and feel of vehicle driving is of high significance since it adds to t he owner’s independence, much the same as a human face. This hugeness is clarified in shortsighted terms and is bound to the possibility that face has highlights that permit to comprehend the human soul5. Like these attributes, vehicle as a system moves leveled out of human activities and, consequently, it turns into the piece of human’s nature and uniqueness. Taking everything into account, development of lifeless things is particular from those of invigorate ones since it isn't constrained by comparable forces. Simultaneously, the instrument has its own rules that make people’s activities constrained. In this regard, the development of a car can be controlled to the degree of the human information about the standards of mechanics. Furthermore, the component can likewise grasp a sort of ‘individuality’ that fills in as a veil for people, just as a methods for speaking to their uniqueness. At last, style is another capacity that the vehicle can perf orm while establishing certain procedures. This is of specific worry to development, motor sound, and shading. Reference index Craig, Edward Gordon, The Actor and the Uber-puppet. US: The Mask, 1908. â€Å"Pulling Strings†, New Times. 2012. Web.Advertising We will compose a custom paper test on Things that Move: Lift as a Mechanism that Moves Without Help explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Rudlin, John, â€Å"The Mask†, in Commedia Dell’Arte: An Actor’s Handbook. altered by John Rublin. 34-48. New York: Routledge, 1994. Simmel, George, â€Å"Aesthetic Significant of the Face†, in Contemporary Esthetics, altered by Matthew Lipman. 336-357. US: Ardent Media, 1973. Von Kleist, Heinrich, â€Å"On the Marionette Theater†, 2012. Web. References 1 â€Å"Pulling Strings†, New Times, 2012. 2 Heinrich von Kleist, â€Å"On the Marionette Theater†, 2012. 3 Craig, Edward Gordon, The Actor and the Uber-puppet. US: The Mas k, 1908. 45. 4 Rudlin, John. â€Å"The Mask†, in Commedia Dell’Arte: An Actor’s Handbook. ed. John Rublin. (New York: Routledge, 1994), 35.Advertising Searching for exposition on transportation? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More 5 Simmel, George, â€Å"Aesthetic Significant of the Face†. in Contemporary Esthetics, ed. Matthew Lipman. (US: Ardent Media, 1973), 336. This exposition on Things that Move: Lift as a Mechanism that Moves Without Help was composed and presented by client ShaneYamada-Jones to help you with your own investigations. You are allowed to utilize it for research and reference purposes so as to compose your own paper; be that as it may, you should refer to it as needs be. You can give your paper here.

Social Psychology Research Methods

Social Psychology Research Methods Theories Social Psychology Print How Social Psychologists Conduct Their Research By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Updated on September 24, 2019 Trina Dalziel / Getty Images More in Theories Social Psychology Behavioral Psychology Cognitive Psychology Developmental Psychology Personality Psychology Biological Psychology Psychosocial Psychology Social psychology research methods allow psychologists to get a better look at what causes people to engage in certain behaviors in social situations. In order to empirically study social behavior, psychologists rely on a number of different scientific methods to conduct research on  social psychology  topics. These methods allow researchers to test hypotheses and theories and look for relationships between different variables. Why do people do the things they do? And why do they sometimes behave differently in groups? These questions are of interest not only to social psychologists, but to teachers, public policy-makers, healthcare administrators, or anyone who has ever watched a news story about a world event and wondered, “Why do people act that way?” Which type of research is best? This depends largely on the subject the researcher is exploring, the resources available, and the theory or hypothesis being investigated. Why Do Psychologists Study Social Behavior? Why study social behavior? Since so many common sense explanations exist for so many human actions, people sometimes fail to see the value in scientifically studying such behaviors. However, it is important to remember that folk wisdom can often be surprisingly inaccurate and that the scientific explanations behind a behavior can be quite shocking. Milgrams infamous obedience experiments are examples of how the results of an experiment can defy conventional wisdom. If you asked most people if they would obey an authority figure even if it meant going against their moral code or harming another individual, they would probably emphatically deny that they would ever do such a thing. Yet Milgrams results revealed that 65 percent of participants would hurt another person simply because they were told to do so by an authority figure. It is important to utilize the scientific method to study psychological phenomena in an objective, empirical, and analytical way. By employing the scientific method, researchers can see cause-and-effect relationships and generalize the results of their experiments to larger populations. While common sense might tell us that opposites attract, that birds of a feather flock together, or that absence makes the heart grow fonder, psychologists can put such ideas to the test using various research methods to determine if there is any real truth to such folk wisdom. Descriptive Research The goal of descriptive research is to portray what already exists in a group or population. One example of this type of research would be an opinion poll to find which political candidate people plan to vote for in an upcoming election. Unlike causal and relational studies, descriptive studies cannot determine if there is a relationship between two variables. They can only describe what exists within a given population. An example of descriptive research would be conducting a survey to find out peoples attitudes toward a particular social issue such as divorce, capital punishment, or gambling laws. Common Types of Descriptive Research Some of the most commonly used forms of descriptive research utilized by social psychologists include: Surveys Surveys are probably one of the most frequently  used types of descriptive research. Such surveys usually rely on self-report inventories in which people fill out questionnaires about their own behaviors or opinions. The advantage of the survey method is that it allows social psychology researchers to gather a large amount of data relatively quickly, easily, and cheaply. The Observational Method This involves watching people and describing their behavior. Sometimes referred to as field observation, this can involve creating a scenario in a lab and then watching how people respond or performing naturalistic observation in the subjects own environment. Each type of observation has its own strengths and weaknesses. Researchers might prefer using observational methods in a lab in order to gain greater control over possible extraneous variables, while they might prefer using naturalistic observation in order to obtain greater ecological validity. However, lab observations tend to be more costly and difficult to implement than naturalistic observations. Case Studies A case study involves the in-depth observation of a single individual or group. Case studies can allow researchers to gain insight into things that are very rare or even impossible to reproduce in experimental settings. The case study of Genie, a young girl who was horrifically abused and deprived of learning language during the critical period, is one example of how a case study can allow social scientists to study phenomena that they otherwise could not reproduce in a lab. Types of Psychological Research Correlational Research Social psychologists use correlational research to look for relationships between variables. For example, social psychologists might carry out a correlational study looking at the relationship between media violence and aggression. They might collect data on how many hours of aggressive or violent television programs children watch each week and then gather data how on aggressively the children act in lab situations or in naturalistic settings. Conducting surveys, directly observing behaviors, or compiling research from earlier studies are some of the methods used to gather data for correlational research. While this type of study can help determine if two variables have a relationship, it does not allow researchers to determine if one variable causes changes in another variable. While the researcher in the previous example on media aggression and violence can use the results of his study to determine if there might be a relationship between the two variables, he cannot say definitively that watching television violence causes aggressive behavior. Do Children Learn Violence Through Observation? Experimental Research Experimental research is the key to uncovering causal relationships between variables. In experimental research, the experimenter randomly assigns participants to one of two groups: The Control Group:  The control group receives no treatment and serves as a baseline.The Experimental Group: Researchers manipulate the levels of some independent variable in the experimental group and then measure the effects. Because researchers are able to control the independent variables, experimental research can be used to find causal relationships between variables. So if psychologists wanted to establish a causal relationship between media violence and aggressive behavior, they would want to design an experiment to test this hypothesis. If the hypothesis was that playing violent video games causes players to respond more aggressively in social situations, they would want to randomly assign participants to two groups. The control group would play a non-violent video game for a predetermined period of time while the experimental group would play a violent game for the same period of time. Afterward, the participants would be placed in a situation where they would play a game against another opponent. In this game, they could either respond aggressively or non-aggressively. The researchers would then collect data on how often people utilized aggressive responses in this situation and then compare this information with whether these individuals were in the control or experimental group. Why Social Research Methods Are Important The study of human behavior is as complex as the behaviors themselves, which is why it is so important for social scientists to utilize empirical methods of selecting participants, collecting data, analyzing their findings, and reporting their results. By using the scientific method, designing an experiment, collecting data, and analyzing the results, researchers can then determine if there is a causal relationship between media violence and violent behavior. Interesting Research Topics in Social Psychology

Luther and the Peasants Revolt - 1529 Words

Whereas the term â€Å"Reformatio† signifies an ideal or something of perfect form, the Protestant Reformation was an attempt to purify the mid-16th century form of Christianity that had strayed from a past ideal. With this fall from the past, the church extended its realm of influence and became somewhat of a business rather than a sanctuary of virtue, faith and objectivity in the eyes of G-d. The church’s new spectrum of power also had the affect of suppressing peasants. Through dictating proper beliefs and a sort of uniform, elite culture that a good Christian should strive to fulfill, peasant culture was increasingly marginalized, deemed inferior to the ruling nobility and even subsequently disregarded in modern hindsight; this perceived†¦show more content†¦In Printing, Propaganda and Martin Luther, Mark Edwards Jr. uses various criticisms of Martin Luther’s influence on peasants such as that of Emser. Emser believed Luther had an adverse effect on the general obedience of peasants and invoked Luther’s On the Babylonian Captivity insofar as â€Å"no law can justly be imposed on Christians, neither by human beings nor by angels, no matter how much they wish to, since we are free from them all.† In other words, Luther proclaims that Christians supersede secular regulations as they are only subject to the word of God. The notion of faith alone bringing salvation is pervasive in Luther’s Reformation and implicates the invalidity of any law not by G-d. It is not difficult to see how this alleged invalidity of any law imposed on Christians as faith is the only factor towards salvation and life on Earth is but a precursor to salvation. Therefore, Luther’s indication of condemnable disloyalty towards secular rulers in Against the Robbing and Murdering Hordes of Peasants directly contrasts Emser’s invocation that provided for the peasants perceived fallaciousness of secular laws. Faith alone to achi eve salvation has come under much criticism involving its permissibility of sin that contradicts Luther’sShow MoreRelatedEssay on Martin Luther and The German Peasant Revolt of 15251949 Words   |  8 Pagesagainst the rebelling peasants of Germany in 1525 reveal the complex reality of the Reformation. Suppression of the rebellion by the German aristocracy was swift and violent, leaving over 70,000 German peasants dead. The rebellion targeted the social and political oppression of the peasantry in the early 16th century. The peasants found new justification for revolt in the promising words of Martin Luther. Luther proclaimed a new kind of freedom for the Christian soul and the peasants applied his ideaRead MoreMartin Luther And His Influence On Peasant Results951 Words   |  4 PagesDecember 11, 2015 Martin Luther and His Influence on Peasant Results Martin Luther was one of the most influential people in Christian history, when he began the Protestant Reformation in the sixteenth century. He questioned some of the basic beliefs and principles of the Roman Catholic church and his followers split from the Roman Catholic to begin the protestant tradition. Martin Luther spent a few years at the monastery and finally became an Augustinian monk. Martin Luther gained religious enlightenmentRead MoreAp Euro Peasant Rebellion Comparision Essays928 Words   |  4 PagesDBQ: Peasants’ revolts From 1524 to 1526 peasant revolts were occurring throughout the German states. Many causes and responses brewed out of these revolts. One cause is from religion issues (1,3,6) , Luther’s idea of equality. Another cause is the peasant gaining power (2,8,9). As a result of these causes came out response, the most common response was riots and chaos (5,11,7). These revolts would end in thousands of rebel deaths and others are also killed. In the early 1500s religious reformsRead MoreLuther Movie Analysis753 Words   |  4 PagesThe film Luther (2003) did not accurately portray the social and political aspects of the Protestant Reformation. The film does not give enough detail to historically represent the German peasants and nobility; it also dramatizes political characters and events to specifically target Luther’s enemies, giving inaccurate information in the process. The film lacks the detail to historically portray the social aspects successfully because the plot orbits around Martin Luther; it omits different aspectsRead MoreMartin Luther And The Catholic Way Of Thinking868 Words   |  4 PagesLutheranism was started by the ex-catholic priest Martin Luther in his attempt to revolutionize the catholic way of thinking. Martin Luther whose lifespan was from 1483 to 1546 studied in the University of Wittenberg where he studied greatly under the laws of sola fide, sola gratia, and sola scriptura which meant by faith alone, by grace alone, by scripture alone. During that time he often question the way Catholics would handle their ways of teaching one example was that the only way to get intoRead MoreDbq Ap Euro Peasents Essay1358 Words   |  6 PagesThe Progressive Peasant Revolution Inhabiting the Holy Roman Empire in the 16th century, the upper class considered peasants a mere subhuman. Conversely, Martin Luther, a German professor of theology, influenced reformation to the German state. This reformation focused on the peasants, especially the peasant revolt of 1524. As the revolution continued, the Peasant Parliament formed to coordinate activates and strive for optimistic results of the revolt. Consequently, peasants offered moderateRead MorePeasants Dbq791 Words   |  4 PagesPeasant’s revolts DBQ In 1517, Martin Luther posted his 95 Theses on a Church in Germany and began a change Europe. Many people second guessed how the Catholic Church was practicing religious teachings and this grew in Germany. After years of battling for religious reforms, a new religion was formed named Lutheranism. Between 1524 and 1526, German peasants began to revolt the Holy Roman Empire. The peasant revolts were caused by greed and wanting to get rid of serfdom and corrupt leaders in theRead MoreThe Causes Of Martin Luther And The Protestant Reformation748 Words   |  3 Pagesflourishing between the 14th and 17th centuries with their cultural development of the art and sciences, there was a huge schism in the Catholic Church that was originally created by Martin Luther. The Protestant Reformation was initiated in 1517 when the Ninety-five Theses was posted in Saxony, Germany by Luther. Martin Luther was an Augustinian monk who criticized the Church and the papacy and laid the theological reform for the church and the pope’s authority which broke the unity of Christianity. GermanyRead MoreLutheranism and Its Impact on Germanic Peasants1396 Words   |  6 PagesThe Rise of Lutheranism and its Impact on Germanic Peasants The rise of a new religion is often met with both praise and malice from the hierarchy of the civilization it springs from. The rise of Lutheranism affected all of Western Europe, but it’s most prominent impact was on the peasants and serfs with no where to turn in what is today Germany. As the growth of Lutheranism picked up speed at the beginning of the sixteenth century, peasants from all over the Germanic states turned to LutheranismRead MoreThe Reformation Of The Protestant Reformation798 Words   |  4 Pageswritten by Martin Luther were nailed to the Wittenberg Castle Church doors. The Catholic Church interpreted the 95 theses as a threat from Luther, they stated Luther’s opinion on the practice of selling indulgences, revealed how the money was used to rebuild a church, and would soon aid in the fall of the Catholic Church. In Germany on October 31, 1517 the Catholic Church received Luther’s 95 theses. The 95 theses criticized the Catholic Church, the pope, and the bishops. Luther focused his theses

Smell And Taste Research Anatomy And Physiology Honors

Smell and Taste Research Kaitlyn Martin Mrs. Amber Jackson Anatomy Physiology Honors November 7, 2014 Smell and Taste Research Many people are fortunate enough to have five senses. These senses are taste, touch, sight, smell, and hearing. Some people don t have sight and are blind, and others don t have hearing and they are deaf. Not many people go through their lives without a sense of feeling, taste, or smell; not having those senses are much less common than being deaf or blind. The sense of smell is triggered by chemoreceptors, structures that detect chemicals commonly found in food, in taste buds that are primarily on a person s tongue with an exception of few on the palate (Nelson, 1998). They are structures that are often found in the papillae of the tongue. A person can have anywhere from five thousand to ten thousand taste buds in their mouth, but on one taste bud there can be up to one hundred individual sensory cells. These specialized sensory cells can be stimulated by testants like sugar, salt, and acid. After they are stimulated, they send sensations to nerve fibers, and from there, they send these sensations through the cranial nerves where they are received in taste regions of the brain stem. Next, the sensation is sent through the thalamus, and carried to the cerebral cortex; this area will make a person conscious of their perception of taste (Society for Neuroscience, 2012). Smelling occurs when someone’s nose brings in.odor molecules fromShow MoreRelatedLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pagesto think through the problem more carefully. You could discover consequences of your decision that you might not have thought of at first. For example, in the camping situation with Emilio and Juanita, you might have quickly agreed to let Emilio taste the water first to see whether it had Giardia. Perhaps only later would you have thought about the consequence of his becoming too sick to hike back out of the forest. Would you have been able to carry him back to safety? Faced with a question ofRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesFoundations of Organization Structure 479 v vi BRIEF CONTENTS 4 The Organization System 16 Organizational Culture 511 17 Human Resource Policies and Practices 543 18 Organizational Change and Stress Management 577 Appendix A Research in Organizational Behavior Comprehensive Cases Indexes Glindex 637 663 616 623 Contents Preface xxii 1 1 Introduction What Is Organizational Behavior? 3 The Importance of Interpersonal Skills 4 What Managers Do 5 Management

How Important Are Customer Expectations Free Essays

Customer expectations are very important because depending on their satisfaction, they are more likely to return for service or refer other customers. The company needs knowledge if satisfaction is rising and which are the areas in which customers are satisfied so the company can continue with that same service. There needs to be an observation when customer’s satisfaction level is changing since it affects their expectations and or perceptions. We will write a custom essay sample on How Important Are Customer Expectations or any similar topic only for you Order Now Constant diligence in observing your customers’ environment and your own can affect their satisfaction level. A good way to exceed service quality to switch from service provider mentality to being the customers. Observe what would be your expectations as a customer. For the most part, customer will not demand service that is in executable, it is usually reasonable. Customers like to be treated with courtesy, appreciation and listened to as well. Customer service includes not only how the customer is treated, it is the entire process of obtaining the product and after the product has been purchase. Acknowledgement of voicemail and service request is a very important factor. Customers many times have questions on the product, it is essential for them to obtain correct responses and together with friendliness and dedicated attention. Due to the economic status of this nation there has been many jobs positions that has been made to the minimum amount of employees needed. Customers do not like to wait for service, therefore, once they receive service it should be the best quality to make them feel it was worth the time they waited to obtain the service. ttp://www. nkarten. com/mce. html The company also needs knowledge in the areas in which the customers are not satisfied, they need to track and cout the frequency of complaints and if they are the same or similar complaints. Company may opt to send periodically Mystery Shoppers. A survey to customers is a good idea because it give them the opportunity to express their experience and also to make suggestions. When Customer satisfact ion has been met or exceeded, it leads to company loyalty and product repurchase. Customer should be inform about changes made as the direct result of listening to their needs. All survey of customer service should be made available to all employees to make them aware of the positive and negative feedback and changes could be made accordingly. Quality measure should both be made internal and external. Customer service should be such that it exceeds that of competitors. Proper training to employees should be given so they can provide excellent customer service. The company should also look for ways for the employees to be happy with their employment, so they can offer unique happiness as they perform their duties. Many times if employees encounter work problems such as conflicts with their superiors, coworkers and or disappointed because they would like to have the opportunity to advance professionally, this does affect their performance in a negative way. Employees needs must be met, company have to communicate with them as they have to with their customers. Problems at work has to be approach and resolve. http://www.qualitydigest.com/sept00/html/satisfaction.html How to cite How Important Are Customer Expectations, Papers

Word Processing Advantages and Disadvantages an Example by

Word Processing: Advantages and Disadvantages Word processing system is useful for drafting messages, minimal graphic work and for as template for preparing documents for slide shows/power point presentation. It is an application that allows the writer to find adjuncts for preparing articles, essays and business messages that can is in compliance with laws of concord and comprehension. Its production also includes editing, formatting and even printing. Need essay sample on "Word Processing: Advantages and Disadvantages" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed No doubt, the word processing is extremely useful for any research works, and even personal messages. It comes with other applications useful for office works such as work memo, letters, graphics, worksheets, etc. Its most useful advantage is that it helps to edit the typed materials: I t underlines the place that has errors. Such errors can spelling errors, non-compliance with syntax and grammatical laws. This can then be edited with the provisions provided by default from the application, or the writer can use discretion in that instance. It even provides explanation of the syntax involved. Word processing can automatically generate batch mailings, tables of figures and contents, cross-referencing, and even indices of keywords. These are parts of the text manipulation it can perform. In fact, it is the same application that is used for this writing! Disadvantages: words are usually restricted. Registers peculiar to specific professions are not usually present, and as such are perpetual sources of errors. Besides, it makes you to become dependent on the use of the application, and can not use some applications like WordPad without editing functions. And people are liable to spelling and syntax errors outside the application. REFERENCE http://www.answers.com/Q/What_are_the_advantages_of_word_processing_package

Free Essays on Herodotus

Though a Greek historian, Herodotus’ views on the Persians can be considered objective despite the bad blood that existed throughout the many years of Greek and Persian battles. The Greeks and the Persians fiercely fought each other for centuries, and many ancient sources such as Homer’s Iliad and the Trojan War, depict the Persians as the evil wrong doers. Herodotus however carefully analyzes the Persians through documents and oral accounts, and to a great extent gives accounts on them that reflect modern anthropological characteristics. In his book The Histories, Herodotus writes mostly of the wars the Greeks had with the Persians, and in many cases, he looks into the perspective of the Persians’ view of the Greeks. Herodotus states that he does not want to pass judgment on who is to blame and only wants to state the facts from his knowledge of why the Greeks might have been treated unjustly and for the occurrences of the many wars (Herodotus 1.4). As most people know from Homer’s Iliad, the Trojan War occurred when Paris a Persian prince kidnapped Helen, and the Greeks went to Troy to claim her. What Herodotus tells us that the Persians claimed happened is that it was the Greeks who started the unjust acts of kidnapping by taking Medea, the king of Persia’s daughter. To the Persians, kidnapping was not an indirect act of war since they believed â€Å"that no young woman allows herself to be kidnapped if she does not wish to be† (1.4). Therefore the Persians believed that Helen wanted to be with Paris and that the attack on Troy was the first act of aggression that led to the Greeks being the enemies of the Persians. By giving out this information, it is obvious that Herodotus tries to be non-judgmental and tries to give both sides of the story. To the Greeks, the Persians were known as barbarians. If one reviews their customs and religion, he will find that they are indeed very civilized, the very opposite of barbari... Free Essays on Herodotus Free Essays on Herodotus Though a Greek historian, Herodotus’ views on the Persians can be considered objective despite the bad blood that existed throughout the many years of Greek and Persian battles. The Greeks and the Persians fiercely fought each other for centuries, and many ancient sources such as Homer’s Iliad and the Trojan War, depict the Persians as the evil wrong doers. Herodotus however carefully analyzes the Persians through documents and oral accounts, and to a great extent gives accounts on them that reflect modern anthropological characteristics. In his book The Histories, Herodotus writes mostly of the wars the Greeks had with the Persians, and in many cases, he looks into the perspective of the Persians’ view of the Greeks. Herodotus states that he does not want to pass judgment on who is to blame and only wants to state the facts from his knowledge of why the Greeks might have been treated unjustly and for the occurrences of the many wars (Herodotus 1.4). As most people know from Homer’s Iliad, the Trojan War occurred when Paris a Persian prince kidnapped Helen, and the Greeks went to Troy to claim her. What Herodotus tells us that the Persians claimed happened is that it was the Greeks who started the unjust acts of kidnapping by taking Medea, the king of Persia’s daughter. To the Persians, kidnapping was not an indirect act of war since they believed â€Å"that no young woman allows herself to be kidnapped if she does not wish to be† (1.4). Therefore the Persians believed that Helen wanted to be with Paris and that the attack on Troy was the first act of aggression that led to the Greeks being the enemies of the Persians. By giving out this information, it is obvious that Herodotus tries to be non-judgmental and tries to give both sides of the story. To the Greeks, the Persians were known as barbarians. If one reviews their customs and religion, he will find that they are indeed very civilized, the very opposite of barbari...

How to Use In, An or Auf Properly

How to Use In, An or Auf Properly Although German is a straightforward language once you learn the rules, you cant always directly translate every word from English. In fact, the more you study some words, the more confusing they may become. Three German prepositions, in particular, can be tricky for beginners: in, an and auf.   What Is a Preposition? A preposition is a word that is typically paired with a noun (or pronoun, like he or she) that helps you understand that words relationship to another part of the sentence. For example, prepositions can refer to the nouns position in space or time. Like put your feet  under  the table, or go shopping  after  class. But many English prepositions have different meanings. Under can be below, but it can also mean less than. Some prepositions are colloquial or you just have to memorize them, like get down with.   The same goes for German. You can memorize the meanings of the prepositions, but not all will be a direct translation of the English counterpart.   These are all two-way prepositions, meaning the noun/pronoun that follows this  preposition  will be conjugated in the accusative (if it is used to express motion/action, like I walk into the store) or dative (if it is used to express a location or position, like I stand in the street). In English, the preposition does not change the noun/pronoun it precedes.   In Means: in, into, to Examples: Ich stehe in der Straße. (I stand in the street.) Die Frau ist in der Universitt. (The woman is in the university, as in she is physically inside the university building. If you want to say you are enrolled in the university, you say, an der  Universitt, as in at the university. See below.)   An Means: at, to, up next to   Examples: Ich sitze an dem Tisch. (I am sitting at the table.) Die Frau ist  an der  Tankstelle. (The woman is at the gas station, as in she is literally standing up next to the vertical gas pump. It can be helpful to think about a side-by-side, vertical encounter to remember when to use an as in up next to.)   Auf Means: on, on top of Examples: Die Backerei ist auf der Hauptstraße. (The bakery is on the main street.) Die Frau ist  auf  der Bank. (The woman is on the bench, as in she is literally sitting on top of the horizontal bench. A horizontal encounter is often key for auf.)   Other Considerations Some verbs come standard with a preposition. Think about hang out or hang up in English; the preposition is an important component of the verb that actually changes the meaning of it.

Analysis of The Satisfactions of Housewifery and Motherhood In an Age Essay - 3

Analysis of The Satisfactions of Housewifery and Motherhood In an Age of Do-Your-Own-Thing Article - Essay Example Hekker’s suggestion that most mothers choose to work in order to maintain an affluent lifestyle is unfair because working mothers are motivated by economic necessity, and the need for self-fulfilment and self-sufficiency. Most working mothers are motivated by the economic necessity to juggle a job and motherhood. In these days of rising costs and financial stress, a single parent’s income is usually not sufficient to support a family. For a normal middle-class household, the mortgage on a home loan, utility bills, the cost of educating children and meeting medical and other miscellaneous expenses are considerable. The husband’s income is not always able to pay for all these expenditures. The economic situation has changed drastically since 1977 when Hekker wrote her op-ed. It is now no longer realistic for all women to live â€Å"very frugally, on their husbands’ paychecks.† The paycheck of today can support substantially less than what it was able to support a quarter-century ago. It is the necessity to contribute to the family income which compels the large majority of mothers to join the workforce. Most often, the deciding factor in such situations is the mother’s overwhelming concern for the children and her determination to provide them with a higher standard of living. If Hekker’s contention were true, then all working mothers would enjoy an affluent lifestyle. This is obviously not a ground reality. Many women work only to make ends meet in the family. A segment of working women, who are not primarily motivated by economic necessity, choose to work in order to fulfill a need to achieve their potential. These are women of talent, who choose to demonstrate their ability through a career. As artists, writers, scientists and hundreds of other choices, they work to express themselves and to grow to the fullest extent possible. It has to be admitted that the days of gender hierarchy are dead and the feminine ste reotype of a woman as a home-maker is outdated and false. Most women are not content to be â€Å"just someone's wife,† as Hekker says. When gender equality is acknowledged as a fact, the role of housewife and mother may not be sufficient to meet the woman’s need to explore her full potential as a human being. With the higher level of education attained by contemporary women, this search for meaningful employment is increased. These women are in pursuit of self-fulfilment and not an affluent lifestyle. The monetary gain which may accompany their professional accomplishments is only an added benefit but not the goal of their careers. The desire to be self-sufficient is another major motivating factor for working mothers. Many contemporary women, reared on the ideals of gender equality, are nor comfortable in a position of dependence on a man. To these women, a career is an assertion of independence and self-sufficiency. A need for security is also a part of this position .  

See Order Instructions below Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

See Order Instructions below - Essay Example Discuss the Australian Nursing and Midwifery Council’s (ANMC) National Competency Standards for the Registered Nurse and the ANMC Codes of Ethics and Professional Conduct (see www.anmc.org.au to access documents) as they shape the registered nurse role and as they contribute to your understanding of your preparation as a registered nurse. Use the ANMC National Competency Standards for the Registered Nurse as well as the ANMC Codes of Ethics and Professional Conduct as an underpinning to describe and evaluate your preparation for registered nursing clinical practice. This requires that you crystallise, reflect upon and document aspects of your professional development. You will do this through your reflections on both successful and less successful instances from your own learning and clinical practice. Your reflection should be informed by the available literature and integrate any and evidence of your claims from assessments and specific relevant, learning experiences or incidents.

Friar Lawrence in William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet Essay

Friar Lawrence of Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet In reading critical analysis of Shakespeare's "Romeo and Juliet" I found that many people call Friar Lawrence a moderate man who elicits to others his voice of wisdom and reason. An example of this sort of conclusion is George Ian Duthie's opinion that Lawrence is "A very worthy man", "prudent" and "worldly-wise"(xix.xx). G.B. Harrison views him as "sympathetically treated", "wise, grave, patient"(6). Due to this continuing interpretation, the view of Friar Lawrence has not really changed through the years. Mutschman and Wentersdorf followed the herd when they stated in their book that Shakespeare reveals no trace whatever of the widespread prejudices of non-Catholics in connection with this aspect of the life of the Roman Church. On the contrary: he does everything in his dramatic power to show his friars and nuns, their lives and customs, in an unequivocally favorable light. (267) I feel that these conclusions about the character of Friar Lawrence are not so completely true. His character needs deeper examination in spite of the conventional ideas that have been passed from one critic to another throughout the years. Lawrence's highly questionable actions in the drama need be looked at in regards to the position he holds as a man of the cloth. Are his actions wise and acceptable to the church? Is Lawrence a meddlesome man going against his vows to his religion? Or could he merely be yet another stock character that Shakespeare stole from his predecessors? A Historical Look Back In 1594 Shakespeare's audience would have been used to the convention of the friar or other religious persons as the brunt of jokes or humorous situation... ...ml. Byrne, Muriel St. Clare. Elizabethan life in Town and Country. London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd, 1954. Duthie, George Ian. Romeo and Juliet. Cambridge: J. Dover Wilson, 1955. Harrison, G.B. Shakespeare The Complete Works. New York: New York Press, 1952. Kennard, Joseph S. The Friar In Fiction. New York: Haskell House Publisher Ltd., 1923. Muir, Kenneth. "Shakespeare and Politics." Shakespeare in a Changing World. 1st. Arnold Kettle. London: Lawrence and Wishart, 1964. 124-5. Mutschmann, Henrick, Karl Wentersdorf. Shakespeare and Catholicism. New York: AMS Press, 1969. Reed, Robert Rentoul Jr. Crime and God’s Judgement in Shakespeare. Kentucky: The University Press of Kentucky, 1984. Simmons, Joseph Larry. Shakespeare’s Pagan World. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1973.

Divine intervention dealing with Greek myths Essay

Divine intervention is a feature of ancient Greek literature. One is amazed and even dumbfounded by the magical myths so frequently referred to. In Greek literature, the gods play an immense role in the lives and fates of the mortal dwellers of the earth. As one examines the gods throughout the myths and epic poems of the Greeks, one recieves a strong impression that the gods â€Å"play† with and manipulate mortals and each other. One goddess who exemplifies this is the great goddess Athena. This daughter of Zeus impacted everyone that she came across. The character Athena is â€Å"splashed† over Greek works. However, there are specific pieces of Greek literature that tell a great deal about this fiery goddess. This is not a passive goddess. This is an active, involved goddess who, in both the Iliad and the Odyssey, assumes divine leadership and challenges even Zeus himself. In The Odyssey and other Greek myths, Athena is an essential character and contributes many elem ents of her complex mythological personality to Greek writing. Athena is one of the most important goddesses in Greek mythology. In Roman mythology she became identified with the goddess Minerva. Also known as Pallas Athena. Athena sprang full-grown and armored from the forehead of the god Zeus and was his favorite child. He entrusted her with his shield, adorned with the hideous head of Medusa the Gorgon, his buckler, and his principal weapon, the thunderbolt. A virgin goddess, she was called Parthenos (â€Å"the maiden†). Her major temple, the Parthenon, was in Athens, which, according to legend, became hers as a result of her gift of the olive tree to the Athenian people. Athena was primarily the goddess of the Greek cities, of industry and the arts, and, in later mythology, of wisdom; she was also goddess of war. Athena was the strongest supporter, among the gods, of the Greek side in the Trojan War. After the fall of Troy, however, the Greeks failed to respect the sanctity of an altar to Athena at which the Trojan prophet Cassandra sought shelter. As punishment, storms sent by the god of the sea, Poseidon, at Athena’s request destroyed most of the Greek ships returning from Troy. Athena was also a patron of the agricultural arts and of the crafts of women, especially spinning and weaving. Among her gifts to man were the inventions of the plow and the flute and the arts of taming animals, building ships, and making shoes. She was often associated with birds, especially the owl. Through an explanation of Athena’s distinct  personality, her relationships are more easily understood The names and titles associated with this mythical goddess reflect her role as a person of action and leadership. Athena, also spelled Athene, is said to be the goddess of wisdom, battle and war, and certian crafts. Athena is frequently known as â€Å"Pallas† or â€Å"Pallas Athena.† According to Sawyer, Athena took on the extra name to commemorate the death of her friend, Pallas. She had accidentally killed Pallas while they were practicing spears. To show her deep grief, Athena added this name to all of her distinguishing titles. In the Odyssey Athena is given the title â€Å"Hope of Soliders† because she is so active in war (416). Athena, the patron of the city of Athens, is commonly linked with the subject of war. She is always depicted in armor and is said to be the keeper of Zeus’s shield, the Aegis, and his helmet (Sawyer). Athena was even born wearing armor. There are several different versions of the birth story of Athena. However, they all are basically similar. Zeus was supposedly in love with Metis, the Titaniss of wisdom, who was to have Zeus’s baby. Zeus had heard that any baby that Metis had would be greater than the father. So, Zeus turned Metis into a fly and swallowed her. After some time, Zeus developed a sharp headache and asked Hephaesios, the blacksmith god, to split his head open with an axe. When he did, Athena â€Å"popped out† fully grown and fully armed (Sawyer). The fully grown woman carried many names during her life, although they did not change the way she thought or acted. Mortals recognized Athena’s active role as an influence and intercessor with others. This is what made Athena so â€Å"popular† with the Greek people. In the Odyssey by Homer, Athena has an incredible relationship with Odysseus. After reading the epic poem, one can witness the very complete, very extensive bond she develops with not only Odysseus but with the other characters as well. At the opening of the book, Athena begs her father Zeus to allow her to aid Odysseus, so he can go home to his family (Odyssey 1-2). She says,†My own heart is broken for Odysseus† (Odyssey 3). Athena goes as far as enhancing his appearance so that Princess Nausikaa will be sure to help him reach home (Odyssey 105). Once Odysseus reaches the city that Nausikaa leads him to, Athena â€Å"pours a sea fog† around him to protect him, and she takes on  the form of a small girl in order to show him the way to the palace (Odyssey 111-112). Once Athena leads Odysseus home to Ithaka, she disguises herself as a sheperd boy and makes conversation with her beloved Odysseus (Odyssey 238). However, she eventually transforms herself into her natural state and says: Two of a kind, we are, contrivers, both. Of all the men alive you are the best in plots and story telling. My own fame is for wisdom among the gods – deceptions too. Would even you have guessed that I am Pallas Athena, daughter of Zeus, I that am always with you in times od trial, a shield to you in battle† (Odyssey 240). Athena demonstrates throughout the Odyssey and in her relationship with Odysseus that she is a goddess of action just as Odysseus is a man of action. She states, â€Å"I am here again to counsel with you† (Odyssey 240). It is Athena who plots and plans the fall of the suitors in Odysseus’ house. To follow her plan, Athena disguises Odysseus into a beggar and leads him to the swineherd, a faithful servant. There they unite with Telemakhos, Odysseus’ son, to carry out the plot of doom (Odyssey Books 13 and 14). Once they go to the palace, the goddess of war and her followers destroy and cast revenge upon the suitors of Penelope. Athena flaunts her warlike qualities creating battle in which her â€Å"side† was undoubtedly the victor (Odyssey Book 22). Throught the mist of confusion and blood, Athena makes sure to keep Odysseus and Telemakhos safe. The goddess even â€Å"held the night† so that Odysseus and Penelope could have longer to get reacquainted . Homer comments that â€Å"she held Dawn’s horses† (437). Athena demonstrates her role as an active leader in her protection of Telemakhos. In the beginning of the epic poem, the Odyssey, she â€Å"flies† to him in the shape of Mentes, a Taphian captian, to talk to him and urge him to look for his father, Odysseus. While with him, she sits, drinks, dines, and carries on conversation (Odyssey 415). Later, she also takes on Mentor’s figure to talk to him. At the end of the Odyssey, the war goddess enhances Laertes’ looks for his reunion with his son Odysseus (Odyssey Book 24). In the final scene, she takes up the form of Mentor once more to bring peace to the bickering people (Odyssey 460). It is elementary to see how intensly Athena makes contact with mortals  by just few examples. Other gods and goddesses are involved in these works, but none are so explicit and immense as the deeds of Athena. From reading the Odyssey, one can begin to form an image of Athena’s relationships with her peers, the other gods and goddessess of ancient Greece. Through the interactions between this goddess and other supreme beings, one can witnessAthena’s beliefs that she is superior to the other. Athena assumes leadership by taking action, making decisions, and intervening for good and evil. In the Odyssey, Athena begs Zeus to allow her to give Odysseus aid on his passage home, against the efforts and wishes of Poseidon, the Sea god (Odyssey 4). One can see that Athena does what she thinks gives the best result, even if she is faced with stiff opposition from her peers. The goddess Athena is definitely a dominant figure, accepting no authority except perhaps Zeus. When thinking of this outstanding goddess, one thinks of her relationships and extensive contact with many mortals. The Greeks favored her because she was a woman goddess of rare quality. Women were never protrayed with the masculine characteristics of Athena, such as her need for dominance and passion for war. This makes her more appealing and puts her in a class above all the rest. By reading both the Ilaid and the Odyssey, one can recieve a clear, precise view of Athena.

Various Motives for Corporate Takeovers - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2514 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Business Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? Mergers and Acquisitions (MA) occur when two or more organisations join together all or part of their operations (Coyle, 2000). Strictly defined, a corporate takeover refers to one business acquiring another by taking ownership of a controlling stake of another business, or taking over a business operation and its assets (Coyle, 2000). Corporate takeovers have been occurring for many decades, and have historically occurred on a cyclical basis, increasing and decreasing in volume in what has been termed merger waves since the late 1800s (Sudarsanam, 2010). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Various Motives for Corporate Takeovers" essay for you Create order There can be a number of distinct motives for corporate MA and this short essay will discuss a number of these, drawing on theoretical and financial theory as well as empirical evidence to explain their rationale. The first group of motives to be discussed are those that relate and can be explained by the classical approach to financial theory (Icke, 2014). These motives assume that firms do not make mistakes and acquire other companies as they believe that doing so will result in increased profitability (Baker Nofsinger, 2010) as they allow for the achievement of enhanced economies of scale or scope (Lipcynski et al., 2009). This theoretical perspective can be used to explain a number of motives. First, corporate takeovers can be used as a route to achieving geographic expansion. By acquiring another company in a different country or with more geographically-diverse operations, an acquiring company can expand its markets and thus expand its sales opportunities. The larger bus iness post-acquisition can then, if implemented efficiently, benefit from economies of scale associated with reducing unit input costs, ultimately increasing profitability. A second reason for completing a takeover could be to increase market share within a market a firm is already operating in. This can result in increased profits through again allowing for increased economies of scale through decreasing unit costs and can also increase profitability by reducing the number of competitors in a market. Thirdly, acquiring businesses at different stages in the supply chain, known as vertical integration (Icke, 2014), can allow for enhanced profitability as it can facilitate enhanced value in the supply chain and the potential to exercise control and scale benefits over inputs to production and the overall cost of output. Other motives for corporate takeovers can be categorised as being more consistent with the behavioural school of thought. This considers that MA is driven by factors other than for pure profit maximization (Icke, 2014; Martynova and Renneboog, 2008). There a number of reasons why MA may take place where the opportunity to benefit from scale economies is not the key driver. First, a company may engage in an acquisition in a bid to increase their size to prevent bids from other companies. This is consistent with the concept of eat or be eaten (Gorton et al., 2005) which hypothesizes that during waves of MA activity, firms feel vulnerable to takeover bids and as such feel compelled to engage in their own MA activity in order to increase their size and minimize interest from potential bids. A second motive for MA that relates more to the behavioural school (but does possess some economic basis) is the opportunistic MA activity associated with management taking advantage of a relative increase in the value of its stock to acquire a target in an equity-funded acquisition. In this case, it is the perceived opportunity to buy another company cheaply that drives the acquisition, rather than the profit motive if all other variables are held equal. What empirical evidence do we have in regard to value creation following a takeover for: the bidder firms shareholders the acquired firms shareholders Mergers and Acquisitions (MA) occur when two or more organisations join together all or part of their operations (Coyle, 2000). A number of empirical studies have been performed in order to ascertain the extent of value creation following a takeover for both the bidder firm and the acquired firm. Shareholders of the acquired firm have consistently experienced positive value impacts (Icke, 2012; Martynova and Renneboog, 2008) following completion of a takeover, while evidence of value creation following a takeover for the acquirer has been inconsistent and is broadly considered to be inconclusive (Angwin, 2007). This essay will discuss the empirical evidence of the value impact following corporate takeovers for both parties, looking at a broad range of evidence spanning the time following announcement to the fiscal years following completion of a takeover. The essay will briefly discuss the limitations of the evidence based on the highly differentiated nature of the MA landscape and the presence of significant independent variables. It will then evaluate the results before arguing that for the bidder firms shareholders evidence of value creation is broadly inconclusive and that it appears that any value creation that is witnessed differs depending on the type and motives for the acquisition, as well as when it is taking place. It will argue that, as is consistent with the majority of empirical studies, value creation for the acquired companys shareholders is positive (Martynova and Renneboog, 2008). The value creation experienced by shareholders in the bidder firm following a takeover can be considered both post announcement and in the years following completion and integration of the businesses. Value impacts at announcement are most profound in the impact of share price fluctuations while performance-based metrics, such as profitability, can be used to assess value impacts following takeover (Icke, 2012). First looking at the empirical evidence that su pports positive value creation for the acquiring shareholders it is clear that there are a number of studies that demonstrate the positive value creating effects of a cross-section of transaction types. Looking at the US and Europe, Martynova and Renneboog (2008) measure the value impacts following a takeover by studying a century of historical MA transactions. The evidence indicates that in the case of European cross-border transactions, value is created in terms of post-acquisition performance. Looking at developing countries, Kumar (2009) finds that in the case of developing economies, acquirer shareholders tend to experience better returns in both the short and long term following an acquisition than in developed economies. Gugler et al (2003), look specifically at the impact on sales and profitability of a takeover and find that acquisitions have a statistically significant impact on profit of the acquiring company. Chari et al. (2010) look at cross-border transactions and prov ides evidence that the acquirers will experience improved post-merger performance, but that this is dependent on having intangible asset advantages that can be exploited abroad. Villalonga (2004) studied diversification takeovers in a study that reviewed the share price performance of diversified conglomerates versus non-diversified trading peers in the years following the transaction. The evidence reveals that diversified firms actually trade at a large and significant premium to their peers, thus suggesting that this type of acquisition can drive long term value gain for shareholders in the post-acquisition entity. Draper and Paudyal (2006) studied the value creating impacts of private versus public takeovers and found that value creation for the acquiring company when the target is private is broadly positive. An empirical study by Icke (2014) looks at European and US MA transactions by motive for takeover and finds that, in terms of announcement effects on share price, transacti ons driven by an increase in market share, research development synergies and vertical transactions are rewarding for the acquiring company. In terms of longer term gains, Icke (2014) shows that transactions driven by increase in market share, geographic expansion, vertical integration and diversification all have a positive effect. In contrast, there is a wide body of empirical research which contrasts with the findings of the above studies and covers a range of different MA situations where value is in fact destroyed for the acquiring company shareholder both in terms of share price at announcement and in terms of post-integration performance. In a study that considers a broad range of takeover motivations, Walker (2000) finds that acquiring companies experience overall negative value impacts and those anomalies in which acquirers actually gain in the longer term are so infrequent they are considered to be statistically insignificant. When Martynova and Renneboog (2008) study US transactions aimed at achieving diversification the evidence indicates that post-acquisition value is destroyed for acquiring shareholders following a transaction and that wealth effects at announcement for acquirers are inconclusive. In a 2005 study, Powell and Stark (2005) find that post-acquisition performance in terms of sales impact, is actually positive for the acquirer, however, when this is controlled for extra working capital, the effect is inconclusive and likely a net negative result. Looking at vertical integration takeovers, both Kedia et al (2011) and Walker (2000) find that in the case of US transactions, takeovers result in value destruction for acquiring company shareholders. Icke (2014) also found that RD driven takeovers have a negative effect. The empirical evidence in relation to target firms shareholder value creation is significantly more conclusive across the spectrum of types of MA. Empirical studies, which tend to focus on value creation for the owner s of target companies primarily looks at shareholder value at announcement (Icke, 2014) in the form of share price rises and the premiums acquirers pay. Martynova and Renneboog (2008) find that targets gain value from announcement of a takeover and furthermore find that this gain is consistent across merger cycles, regardless of whether the takeover occurs during the peak or the low of the merger waves witnessed throughout the past century (Martynova and Renneboog 2008). Their study into US takeovers demonstrates that the value creation is significant in size, often reaching double digit growth on the value prior to announcement. In a study of hostile versus friendly takeovers, Shwert (1996) found that target shareholders experience significant gains from a takeover that has come about as a result of a tender process, rather than a hostile a single party bidding round, although found broadly positive results across both types for target shareholders. Likewise, studying the method of payment and the impact on value creation for target shareholders, Goergen and Renneboog (2004) found that all-cash offers trigger ARs of almost 10 percent upon announcement whereas all-equity bids or offers combining cash, equity and loan notes only generated a return of 6 percent but still resulted in positive value creation for the target company. Empirical studies have also been conducted on transaction data based around the concept of merger waves. That is to look at transactions not as isolated occurrences but as events that have taken place within one of the six identified waves of MA activity since the late 1800s (Sudarsanam, 2010). By looking at takeovers from the perspective of when they occurred, it is possible to identify more consistent patterns in value creation and to derive theories of attribution for these gains. Icke (2014) reviews a number of studies and finds that value creation for shareholders in both the target and the acquiring company varies depending on the wave in which it occurs when other variables are considered to be constant. Icke (2014) shows that the third wave generated largely positive returns for parties engaged in takeovers, while the fourth was broadly negative and the value impacts were indistinguishable during the fifth. This evidence of environment-sensitivity adds further complexity to the evidence surrounding value creation in takeovers. Overall there is a wealth of empirical evidence available into the value impacts of corporate takeovers, however, the evidence is broadly inconclusive in determining the value creating opportunities for acquirers while it is broadly conclusive that target company shareholders will gain (Martynova and Renneboog 2008). The inconclusive nature is caused by methodological inconsistencies as a result of mixed methods, the difficulty capturing operational change, the different time periods and sample size distortions (Icke, 2014) as well as the vastly differentiated base of empirical evidence that exists, as discussed in this essay. As Icke (2014) states, the value effects of takeovers are, ultimately, non-conclusive. However, based on the empirical evidence discussed in this essay and drawing on Wang and Moini (2012), the general conclusion can be seen to be that in short-term event studies (addressing the impacts post-announcement) acquirers will either experience some normal returns or significant losses, while the target firms have shown to consistently experience positive value creation in the same timeframe. Post-acquisition performance is extremely difficult to measure and the evidence has been mixed. Furthermore, as Angwin (2007) argues, strategic motivations are essential for understanding post-takeover performance and for measuring the isolated effects of the takeover. In conclusion, there exists a number of studies and a diverse body of empirical evidence into the value creating effects of takeovers for both target and acquirer shareholders. For t arget shareholders, studies focus on the announcement effects and are broadly positive, while for acquirer shareholders, studies look at both announcement and post transaction performance and show a broadly negative value impact with some evidence of positive value creation in certain types of MA scenario and during certain periods (waves) in history. Bibliography Angwin, D (2007). Motive Archetypes in Mergers and Acquisitions (MA): The implications of a Configurational Approach to Performance. Advances in Mergers and Acquisitions. 6. pp77-105. Baker, KH and Nofsinger, JR. (2010). Behavioral Finance: Investors Corporations and Markets. Hoboken, Nj:John Wiley Sons Inc. Chari, A., Ouimet, P.P. and Tesar L.L.. (2010). The value of control in emerging markets. Review of Financial Studies. 23(4). pp1741-1770. Coyle, B (2000). Mergers and Acquisitions. Kent: Global Professional Publishing. Draper P. and Paudyal K. (2006). Acquisitions: Private versus Public. European Financial Management. 12(1). pp57-80. Goergen, M and Renneboog, L (2004). Shareholder Wealth Effects of European Domestic and CrossBorder Takeover Bids. European Financial Management. 10(1). pp9-45. Gugler, K., D.C. Mueller, B.B. Yurtoglu and Ch. Zulehner (2003). The Effect of Mergers: An International Comparison. International Journal of Industrial Organization. 21(5). pp625-653. Icke, D (2014). AN EMPIRICAL STUDY OF VALUE CREATION THROUGH MERGERS ACQUISITIONS A STRATEGIC FOCUS. Aarhus University, Business Social Sciences [online]. 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